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developed by EARA member University of Turku, Finland, could help reduce the numbers of animals used in vaccine Using the pertussis vaccine for whooping cough, as part of the national vaccination programme in many

Basic Research Biomedical Primate Research Centre - Comparative Pathogenesis of COVID-19, MERS and SARS monkeys Wageningen University & Research - Developing animal models for SARS-CoV-2 Drug Development & Vaccines Harbour Antibodies - Monoclonal antibodies against Covid-19 Viroclinics - Support Covid-19 new drug investigations Biomedical Primate Research Centre - Vaccine and drug studies on COVID-19 Batavia Biosciences - Collaboration with IAVI on VSV-vector based epidemic preparedness vaccines Janssen - Vaccine candidate

-19 protein as a basis for designing improved inhibitors University of Marburg - Structure of Covid-19 ferrets as a suitable animal model INFRAFRONTIER - Providing mouse research models Drug Development & Vaccines Photonics21 - New ‘saliva test’ to instantly detect coronavirus with lasers BioNTech - Pre-clinical vaccine candidates CureVac - Pre-clinical vaccine candidate for coronavirus Covance - Animal research for efficacy drug German Center for Infection Research - Development of vaccines Technische Universität Braunschweig

A group of volunteer engineers and doctors, in Spain, have successfully tested a prototype 3D printed ventilator on a pig. The research, by the Reesistencia Team, at the University of Oviedo, was also filmed and the instructions to produce the 3D-printed ventilators have been made publicly available. The pig was on the ventilator for four hours without any problems or damage, (see also the story in Spanish). The next step in its validation will be human trials at Asturias Central University Hospital. The demand for low-cost scaleable ventilators is due to healthcare systems facing a global shortage for treating the most severe cases of coronavirus. Other groups at work, and marked on EARA's interactive map, include, the University of Minnesota, USA, which has developed a ventilator that has gone through successful human trials, after being tested on pigs and sheep. AgResearch, in New Zealand, is currently using a sheep model to validate their ventilator prototype.

Basic Research National Center for Biotechnology (CNB) - Testing of vaccine candidate IrsiCaixa - Virus -19 vaccine Drug Development & Vaccines University of Oviedo - First test passed: 3D printed respirator -19 Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) - Developing a vaccine using animal studies INTA - Instituto experities including antibodies and serum from laboratory animals IRTA-CReSA - Developing animal models for vaccine & drug trials IrsiCaixa - Testing Caovid-19 vaccines in animal models Comparative Medicine and Bioimage

Belgium, mice, hamsters, rabbits, llamas and monkeys are the animal models used to better understand Covid Leuven - Understanding how coronavirus evolves and searching for virus inhibitors Drug Development & Vaccines Coris BioConcept - Covid-19 antigen rapid test Ghent University - Potential antibody treatments VIB - Development of a COVID-19 drug Janssen - Vaccine candidate development EARA has used the World Health

In Switzerland, mice and monkeys are the animal models used to better understand Covid-19. Basic Research University Hospital Zurich - Immunising several mice with different Covid-19 antigens Drug Development & Vaccines World Health Organisation - Global megatrial of the four most promising coronavirus 19 infection EPFL Lausanne - Broad-spectrum antiviral drug University of Zurich - Quickly producing vaccine candidates University of Bern - Vaccine development EARA has used the World Health Organisation's recorded

The use of animals in basic research and to help develop drugs and vaccines is vital and this map highlights map charts the institutions involved in the basic research needed to understand the disease, drug and vaccine EARA global overview of how animals are helping in Covid-19 research EARA executive director, Kirk Leech In the EU and UK, all potential vaccines and treatments will eventually need to be tested on animals

As global efforts to tackle the Covid-19 infection continue, two other deadly diseases, Zika and Ebola This was achieved using the first successful Ebola vaccine and two antibody-based drugs, all developed National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), USA, researchers have analysed two Zika vaccine These animal studies showed that the vaccines could be effective, but not equally protective.

In France, mice, rats, hamsters and monkeys are the animal models used to better understand Covid-19. infection in monkeys Hospital Lariboisière - Interaction between RAAS inhibitors and ACE2 in the context of COVID International Development (CIRAD) - Contributing to global research and expertise Drug Development & Vaccines Department of Health and Human Services to advance a novel coronavirus vaccine EARA has used the World

In Italy, mice are the animal models used to better understand Covid-19. Drug Development & Vaccines Takis Biotech - Pre-clinical vaccine candidate Johnson & Johnson - Vaccine candidate development Lazzaro Spallanzani National Institute for Infectious Diseases - Funding received for vaccine

Without testing the vaccines in macaques, no drug agency will approve them, neither the vaccines, nor Monkeys are essential for the vaccine against Covid-19 Researchers who have developed vaccines against The Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine (i.e. the Covid-19 vaccine first approved by the European Commission on 21 Other vaccine candidates for Covid-19, such as the Oxford/AstraZeneca and Janssen vaccines, have also “With more than 500 treatments and vaccines in pre-clinical development to address the Covid-19 pandemic