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A group of volunteer engineers and doctors, in Spain, have successfully tested a prototype 3D printed ventilator on a pig. The research, by the Reesistencia Team, at the University of Oviedo, was also filmed and the instructions to produce the 3D-printed ventilators have been made publicly available. The pig was on the ventilator for four hours without any problems or damage, (see also the story in Spanish). The next step in its validation will be human trials at Asturias Central University Hospital. The demand for low-cost scaleable ventilators is due to healthcare systems facing a global shortage for treating the most severe cases of coronavirus. Other groups at work, and marked on EARA's interactive map, include, the University of Minnesota, USA, which has developed a ventilator that has gone through successful human trials, after being tested on pigs and sheep. AgResearch, in New Zealand, is currently using a sheep model to validate their ventilator prototype.

Belgium, mice, hamsters, rabbits, llamas and monkeys are the animal models used to better understand Covid Leuven - Understanding how coronavirus evolves and searching for virus inhibitors Drug Development & Vaccines Coris BioConcept - Covid-19 antigen rapid test Ghent University - Potential antibody treatments VIB - Development of a COVID-19 drug Janssen - Vaccine candidate development EARA has used the World Health

Basic Research National Center for Biotechnology (CNB) - Testing of vaccine candidate IrsiCaixa - Virus -19 vaccine Drug Development & Vaccines University of Oviedo - First test passed: 3D printed respirator -19 Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) - Developing a vaccine using animal studies INTA - Instituto experities including antibodies and serum from laboratory animals IRTA-CReSA - Developing animal models for vaccine & drug trials IrsiCaixa - Testing Caovid-19 vaccines in animal models Comparative Medicine and Bioimage

The use of animals in basic research and to help develop drugs and vaccines is vital and this map highlights map charts the institutions involved in the basic research needed to understand the disease, drug and vaccine EARA global overview of how animals are helping in Covid-19 research EARA executive director, Kirk Leech In the EU and UK, all potential vaccines and treatments will eventually need to be tested on animals

In Switzerland, mice and monkeys are the animal models used to better understand Covid-19. Basic Research University Hospital Zurich - Immunising several mice with different Covid-19 antigens Drug Development & Vaccines World Health Organisation - Global megatrial of the four most promising coronavirus 19 infection EPFL Lausanne - Broad-spectrum antiviral drug University of Zurich - Quickly producing vaccine candidates University of Bern - Vaccine development EARA has used the World Health Organisation's recorded

As global efforts to tackle the Covid-19 infection continue, two other deadly diseases, Zika and Ebola This was achieved using the first successful Ebola vaccine and two antibody-based drugs, all developed National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), USA, researchers have analysed two Zika vaccine These animal studies showed that the vaccines could be effective, but not equally protective.

In France, mice, rats, hamsters and monkeys are the animal models used to better understand Covid-19. infection in monkeys Hospital Lariboisière - Interaction between RAAS inhibitors and ACE2 in the context of COVID International Development (CIRAD) - Contributing to global research and expertise Drug Development & Vaccines Department of Health and Human Services to advance a novel coronavirus vaccine EARA has used the World

In Italy, mice are the animal models used to better understand Covid-19. Drug Development & Vaccines Takis Biotech - Pre-clinical vaccine candidate Johnson & Johnson - Vaccine candidate development Lazzaro Spallanzani National Institute for Infectious Diseases - Funding received for vaccine

Without testing the vaccines in macaques, no drug agency will approve them, neither the vaccines, nor Monkeys are essential for the vaccine against Covid-19 Researchers who have developed vaccines against The Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine (i.e. the Covid-19 vaccine first approved by the European Commission on 21 Other vaccine candidates for Covid-19, such as the Oxford/AstraZeneca and Janssen vaccines, have also “With more than 500 treatments and vaccines in pre-clinical development to address the Covid-19 pandemic

Scientists in Portugal have created a vaccine based on nanotechnology which can prevent the development

As the Chinese coronavirus spreads, scientists around the world are working non-stop to find a vaccine the UK, researchers at the Imperial College London and Oxford University are currently developing a vaccine “We have successfully generated our novel coronavirus vaccine candidate in the lab – just 14 days from , warned that the problem was not making a vaccine, but the time it takes for safety-testing and licensing “The problem is that is even after manufacturing a vaccine, you still have to go through the safety testing

Health Organisation (WHO) calls on European policymakers, health care workers and parents to increase vaccination efforts against measles and warns of growing numbers of parents refusing to vaccinate their children “Speaking as a doctor, I don’t think there’s any question that vaccines have been the most effective Are we now seeing the return of the vaccine war? When in reality, animal research is essential for testing the safety and efficacy of vaccines.